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Ae aa (Steve Fuler 2003)e i ᶁ⸥ a aAe, aA e e ea i Ae i⸥ i e̖a. ᜁ A, 帷i a ssae wb ѷi Ae bѷa iae Ɓ we e wbi we a va. AaaA, ŵ币 e wi a ᴡ eae aEAaȥ aaAi e w bai eѩA eae ⸥ ba wah a. e e wae we a? iAe ́ i i eae ᜁ w aEAaȥi eae bai wi ae Ae , i e̡ aEAaȥ AA waС qi j a. a aᬁ bi a bai weaСa A⸥ aaᬁ bai Aae aEAaȥ ʼn񸡷 w ʼn񸡥a e e aAa I qi wi a. 2. Ɓ 0b bw 0 aA e Ɓ 1962e 0b bw 0A aae, be aa a(paradigm)i ae ba bAeA, a ae qȁ ⸥ a(examplar) a qȁA Aae a i ea. ѳE a aA eaie e⸥ i qa iA b A Ρ ѷA aA AeA, e e ѷi wb(normal science)a a. aa a v Aa Ρ geaa ae i Aa waaA Ae ae ᶡA aС, a Ae eaie ai a aai wA e Ai ae ׉e ɥA qaaA Ea. bwe awe e a ieAi Ae aeA, a ae aw(incommensurable)aa. aa bw e sС wAᬁ wae b, a a A aAA iA, wbС bEa(Kuhn 1996). b bw ae a ee eae wi e a saaae Ɓ we bЁ sСi Aqa bЁ i iᴁae aveA, e A ae b sСe bС b bai sЁe aA i a. 1970e e , Ɓ qie ʼn i ae w eሡ wA bС, 1980-90eAe e (b)i ʼn A e ewaae be (aA) b aA eA eiᴥ a e aaˡᔡq4aAҁ a Aa( 1999, 149-150). wӡA e a aaˡᔡq aAҁ eAe i iaaС gvaa, ai wa e sСa bae ae bbaiAA ae a aq aa g eсֵa. a a e Ɓ Сi ae A, 1965e aA A v iie ww Awe aaa Ea. a ⸥ e 1965e 7 唁bA e e veA, Ae ́ Aav A aaġa(Imre Lakatos) a̡aEa(Paul Feyerabend) qaa. e 5e aaġa Aa ie aaAa(Alan Musgrave)A ŵA 0e w(Criticism and Growth of Knowledge, 1970. eЂe b: 0eсbb 0, 1987)0ae a eAa. _